Description: Easily Explain General Characteristics Of Solid State with Examples of general properties of solid state, FAQ
Introduction To General Characteristics Of Solid State
You know that matter can exist in 3 States namely, solid, liquid, and gas.
Under a given set of conditions of temperature and pressure, which is the most stable state of a given substance depends upon the net effect of two opposing factors (Intermolecular force and thermal energy).
1. Intermolecular Force
2. Thermal Energy
These are the intermolecular force (Attraction or Repulsion force between two molecules or ions or atoms) which tend to keep molecules (ions or atoms) closer to each other.
Thermal energy (or Heat energy), tends to keep them apart by making them move faster.
At very low temperatures, the thermal energy is low and intermolecular force brings them so close that they cling ( or hold tightly) to one another then they have a fixed position or regular arrangement.
This can still oscillate (to keep moving from one position to another) about their mean position or Equilibrium position ( Equilibrium position is a position of the body when the net force act on it at zero ) and the substance exists in a solid state.
Table Of Content
- Thermal Energy( Or Heat Energy)
Intermolecular Force
It is an attraction or repulsion force which acts between molecules known as Intermolecular Force.
The important role of intermolecular force is to keep the particles of matter, it may be molecules, atoms or ions together and close to each other.
Thermal Energy | Heat Energy
Thermal Energy is also known as Heat Energy. It helps to change temperature when energy is provided to an object and energy is provided which can also help to move faster ( atoms or molecules)and collide with each other.
Thermal energy is increase with the increase of temperature, which tends to keep them apart by making them move faster.
Thermal energy(or Heat energy)is increased which moves the particles of matter far from each other and intermolecular force is weak between particles of matter.
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Solid State At Molecular Level
A Solid-state is normally characterized by Rigidity, incompressibility, intermolecular force, thermal energy and mechanical strength due to the close packing of constituent particles ( atoms, ions or molecules) of matter.
These constituent particles of matter ( atoms, molecules or ions) are held together or tightly packed by strong forces of nature which are adhesive forces (forces apply between two different particles or matter) due to these particles have fixed positions (called lattice sites) ( or not free to move due to tightly packed by force) in the solid lattice.
The 3-Dimensional arrangement of particles ( atoms, molecules or ions) in a solid is called crystal lattice or space lattice. Particles are not free to move inside the crystal or space lattice.
When we change Physical conditions like temperature and pressure, the particles tend to change their arrangement of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) and then we know or find the change in a solid state.
The conclusion is that the solid state is widely dependent on the position, intermolecular force and Change in the arrangement of particles (atoms, molecules or ions).
How Formation Of Solid State?
The formation of a Solid occurs at low Temperature and it depends upon two factors:
1. Intermolecular Force
2. Thermal Energy
Thermal Energy is low at low temperature and Intermolecular Forces are strong or high, then the arrangement of particles of the matter remains stable or the same and oscillates about their mean position or equilibrium position only.
So, the particles solid can not escape or solid particles are tightly packed and they keep on(or again) oscillating their mean position or equilibrium position. And then the formation of solid takes place.
General Characteristics Of The Solid State
1. They have defined mass, volume and shape due to intermolecular force
2. Intermolecular distances are short
3. Intermolecular forces are very strong
4. Their Constitution particles(molecules, atoms or ions) have a fixed position and they only can oscillate about their mean position or equilibrium position
5. They are incompressible and rigid
6. High Density
Constitution means one of the parts of a component, compound, element etc.
Explain Properties Of Solid State
Define Mass, Volume And Shape
Solid have to define Mass, Volume and Shape because the Constitution particles of matter are held together or closely packed due to the strong intermolecular force.
Thermal Energy is low at low temperature and Intermolecular Forces are strong or high, then the solids remain fixed state or in the same state as before.
Example: Ice cube at a low temperature then remains in the solid state, but when we change the physical conditions like temperature then we find the ice to either melt or evaporate away.
Short Intermolecular Distance
The intermolecular distance between particles of the matter in a solid is short due to closely or tightly packed particles solid.
The atoms and molecules are held together or tightly packed by strong intermolecular force.
Example: The intermolecular distance of solid is typical of order 0.357×10⁻⁹ m (bond length between carbons of diamond gives the approx intermolecular distance between carbons).
Strong Intermolecular Force
Intermolecular forces are a very strong force in solid due to tightly packed particles of solid.
It is an attraction or repulsion force which acts between molecules known as Intermolecular Force.
Solids behave differently than liquids and gases because of the variation of intermolecular force between atoms, molecules or ions.
Constitution Particles Have Fixed Position And Only Can Oscillate About Their Mean Position Or Equilibrium Position
Only At Low-Temperature Solids have their Existence And Formation Possible, The Intermolecular Forces Are High Enough To Keep The Atoms And Molecules Fixed in solid particles at their positions.
Also, The Thermal Energy is Less And Only They Can Make Atoms And Molecules Oscillate At Their Positions.
Solids Are Incompressible And Rigid
Solid are incompressible And rigid due to strong intermolecular force applied or acting on particles of solid which helps to keep them in their fixed position.
Example:Metals, wood, Alloy, Diamond etc
Solid Have High Density
Quantity or mass per unit volume is called
Density.
The mass of solids is more than the mass of liquid and gas because solids have a fixed volume. So, we can say that solid has a high density.
FAQ(FREQUENTLY ASK QUESTION) ON SOLID STATES
How many Types Of Solid States are in Class 12?
Answer
It has 2 types of solid state:
1. Crystalline Solid
2. Amorphous Solid
What Are The Characteristic Of Solid?
Answer
Solid have different properties, including
1. Conductivity (flow of electrons that conduct electricity)
2. Density (mass per unit volume)
3. Hardness ( strength of solid is high)
4. Malleability (Solid can be beaten by hammer and converted into a sheet)
5. Ductile ( convert into wire by hammer or strike by hard object)
6. Optically transmission(It is a measure of what proportion of light is transmitted through a turbid medium or randomly distribution of scattering of light) etc.
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